The self and the limitations of the intellect: Jung’s epistemological synthesis of Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, and Kant.

This article explores Jung's engagement with Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, and Kant, focusing on how Jung reimagined their ideas within his own epistemological framework in psychological types. Central themes include Nietzsche's introduction of the "irrational" into Western thought and its influence on Jung's concept of "individuation"; Schopenhauer's principle of sufficient reason and its relation to Jung's psychological functions; Kant's epistemology, which Jung modernized to form his typology, addressing the problem of subjectivity in psychology and science. The article argues that Jung synthesized these ideas, proposing a philosophy of psychology that acknowledges the limitations of the intellect and achievement of the self. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).