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This multi-case study investigates how AI chatbots enhance asynchronous learning by fostering critical ideation, structured argumentation, and collaborative knowledge construction across three U.S. higher education institutions. Drawing on a socio-material perspective, we examine the socio-material assemblages formed through interactions between students, instructors, and chatbots. Analysis of interaction logs, discussion posts, and reflections from 74 students reveals how varying levels of structured guidance shape socio-material assemblages. Key findings include the creative repurposing of chatbot affordances (bricolage), alignment of technological affordances with pedagogical strategies, and significance of structured guidance. The study introduces a Triangular framework connecting Pedagogical Design, Student Agency, and Technology Integration, providing actionable insights for educators.
Moon et al. (Tue,) studied this question.