Cross-Linkage of Canavalia ensiformis Starch with Adipic Acid:  Chemical and Functional Properties

Adipic acid behavior was studied as a cross-linkage agent for Canavalia ensiformis native starch. A 2 3 factorial design with two replicates of each treatment was utilized. Acid concentration (1 and 2%) and the chemical agent incorporation method (direct incorporation with an initial pH adjustment, direct addition with pH readjustment, and 3% NaOH simultaneous addition) were the factors utilized. Gel firmness and syneresis were used as response variables. Main factors and their interactions showed statistical influence ( P < 0.05) over the cross-linkage level achieved; the most effective modification was obtained by reactant direct incorporation. Cross-linkage increased gel firmness (11.25 mm penetration) compared to native starch (14.75 mm penetration), diminished syneresis to 7.15 mL/50 mL, and reduced solubilization and swelling power to 18% and 28.04 g/g levels, respectively.