An integrated decision-support framework for optimal calf weaning by South African beef cattle producers: A best fit framework review synthesis

Calf weaning plays a fundamental role in the sustainability of cow-calf production systems. The choice of weaning age whether early weaning (EW) or conventional weaning (CW) significantly affects cow-calf performance and overall farm financial outcomes. EW has been widely studied in global beef production, its application under South African climatic and economic conditions remains underexplored. Given the region's hot, dry summers and variable rainfall, understanding the factors influencing weaning age decisions, particularly the potential adoption of EW, is critical for optimizing herd productivity. This study employs the Best Fit Framework Synthesis, using the BEHEMOTH and SPIDER techniques, to develop a decision-support framework for optimal calf weaning. In the first phase, the study develops an a priori calf weaning framework by synthesizing existing models and frameworks, and thereafter extends and validates the framework by integrating empirical evidence from primary studies in the second phase, ensuring its applicability to South African beef cattle producers. The Integrated Framework comprehensively incorporates factors from existing frameworks (calf growth, dam performance, nutritional management, income, weaning costs, and herd maintenance costs), as well as newly integrated factors which are often overlooked in conventional weaning frameworks, including weaning season (summer vs. fall), climate variability (wet vs. dry years), calf feedlot finishing performance and the cost of developing replacement heifers. By applying this Integrated Calf Weaning Framework, South African cattle producers can optimize weaning strategies based on economic viability, climatic constraints, and herd management goals.