Knowledge of Laboratory and Archaeometric Techniques in Archaeology: Survey Results and Evidence-Based Recommendations from Andalusia, Spain

We have assessed the knowledge and perceived applicability of 13 archaeometric and laboratory techniques among 159 professional archaeologists in Andalusia (southern Spain), who constitute 26.5% of the region’s registered archaeologists. Our survey reveals substantial knowledge gaps: whereas 54.1% of respondents demonstrate advanced understanding of radiocarbon dating ( 1 ⁴C), over 70% display a lack of familiarity with most other analytical methods, including proteomics (completely unfamiliar for 50.9% of respondents), trace element analysis (42.8%), and phytolith studies (40.3%). Critically, we have identified training deficiencies rather than funding constraints as the main limitation to technique implementation, with about 50% of respondents referring to insufficient knowledge as the main reason for their nonapplication. Self-employed archaeologists, who conduct the majority of archaeological work, display the lowest expertise levels across all techniques. However, we have observed a promising generational shift, given that current archaeology degree students show a significantly improved baseline knowledge compared to professionals trained under earlier history degree programs. Consequently, in this article, we provide evidence-based recommendations, especially for current professional development programs, curricula, and standardized analytical protocols that are considered essential by 95%–98% of respondents. Our findings have transferable implications for archaeological practice beyond Andalusia, particularly regarding the integration of scientific methods into archaeology.