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Integrating renewable energy sources into power grids presents significant challenges, including ensuring grid reliability, maintaining stability, and achieving seamless system operation. A viable solution involves incorporating energy storage systems (ESSs) to effectively address the inherent intermittency of renewable energy generation. However, widespread ESSs deployment hinges on several critical factors, including site suitability, environmental impact, economic viability, and the source of electricity. Moreover, informed decision-making requires a comprehensive data repository encompassing costs, energy consumption, and related emissions. This study critically examines the ecological and techno-economic performance of mechanical, electrochemical, hydrogen, and thermal ESS. The findings indicate that, due to economies of scale, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) significantly reduces as storage duration increases. Moreover, critical performance indicators, including cycle life, round-trip efficiency, and operational duration, significantly affect the environmental impact and cost of various energy storage systems. Nonetheless, additional research is imperative to establish a comprehensive bottom-up modeling framework that incorporates all operational parameters, allowing for the concurrent assessment of LCOE and environmental impacts of ESSs.
Khan et al. (Tue,) studied this question.