The chapter focuses on the years 2010 and 2011. Reference is made to preceding years to the extent that they shed further light on the origin of the ideological impasse. Essentially, the chapter contends that policy inconsistency is a reflection of ideological contestation within the ruling African National Congress (ANC). This chapter notes, though, that the multiple ideological orientations of the liberation movement are not, per se, an impediment to policy decisiveness. Whether or not leadership is decisive depends on the stability of its power base, and this is what the Zuma presidency lacks. Zuma's presidency was conceived upon a fragile power base. The broader ANC never stood unanimously behind Zuma, but showed split allegiances between him and Thabo Mbeki, whilst the political left wing stood squarely behind him. This has made the Zuma presidency hesitant to lead or openly embrace policy initiatives that alienate the left-wing supporters.
Human Sciences Research Council (Wed,) studied this question.