Multi-Target Interactions of Bisphenol A in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Evidence from Integrated Network Toxicology, Mendelian Randomization, and Molecular Docking

Structured Abstract Objective To study the potential pathogenic mechanisms of bisphenol A (BPA) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using an integrative computational strategy. Design Integrative computational study combining network toxicology, Mendelian randomization (MR), and molecular docking. Subjects For MR analysis, genetic data were sourced from large European-ancestry cohorts, including plasma protein quantitative trait loci data and genome-wide association study summary statistics for PCOS (3,045 cases and 267,780 controls). Exposure In silico exposure to BPA for target prediction; genetically predicted plasma protein levels for causal inference. Main Outcome Measures Identification of overlapping targets between BPA and PCOS; functional enrichment pathways; causal effects of prioritized proteins on PCOS risk (odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals); binding affinities between BPA and core targets (kcal/mol). Results Network toxicology identified 310 overlapping targets between BPA and PCOS. Enrichment analyses revealed significant involvement in endocrine signaling, inflammatory pathways (e.g., IL-17), and cellular processes. MR demonstrated that genetically elevated levels of RET, CXCL8, HTR6, MMP1, MMP9, NTRK1, and TNNI2 were significantly associated with increased PCOS risk, whereas higher PSAP and SHBG levels were protective. Molecular docking confirmed stable binding between BPA and all nine key targets, with strongest affinity for SHBG (−8.4 kcal/mol), followed by NTRK1, TNNI2, and RET. Conclusion This integrative investigation suggests that BPA may contribute to PCOS pathogenesis through multi-target interactions involving inflammatory mediators, endocrine regulators, and tissue remodeling proteins. The findings provide prioritized targets and mechanistic insights for future experimental validation and environmental risk assessment.