The Application of Flexible Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Sensors in Multidimensional Biosensing and Precision Medicine

Flexible graphene field-effect transistors (FGr-FETs) possess ultra-high detection sensitivity, excellent mechanical flexibility, and extensive interface signal transduction mechanisms, driving the innovative development of flexible electronics. However, the accurate extraction of signals in complex physiological scenarios remains a key factor limiting the advancement of FGr-FET. This review systematically examines the mechanisms underlying the sensing and transduction of electrophysiological, mechanical, and biochemical signals in FGr-FET. We summarize strategies for enhancing FGr-FET sensing performance, including material modification, structural optimization, and the amplification of optical and magnetic signals. This paper highlights the latest advances in multimodal sensing and precision medicine applications and analyzes key challenges related to Debye screening, device reliability, inter-device variability, long-term operational stability, and clinical translation. Finally, we discuss the potential application of artificial intelligence algorithms in the precise extraction of physiological signals from FGr-FETs. These reviews provide a theoretical foundation for the development of next-generation precision medicine platforms.