Comparison of Hemodynamic Performance, Three-Dimensional Flow Fields, and Turbulence Levels for Three Different Heart Valves at Three Different Hemodynamic Conditions

Fig. 1. Lumen geometry of the silicone phantom mimicking the aortic root with reference to the main geometrical parameters of Table 1.

Fig. 2. A Schematic of the pulse duplicator. b Top view on mirror setup for multi-view image acquisition. Four different angles are captured simultaneously by the camera by splitting each field of view in half. c Example of ensemble-averaged flow rate (left) and instantaneous pressures (right) for the Perimount valve at each condition. These curves are also representative for the waveforms of the On-X and TRIFLO valves.

Fig. 3. From top to bottom: top and side views of the mounted valves and the azimuthal orientation of TRIFLO, CEP, and On-X (left to right) with respect to the sinus portions. Valves on the bottom of the figure are represented in idealized open position.

Fig. 4. Mean (left) and instantaneous (right) streamwise velocities at peak systole \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${t_{\phi}} = 130{\text{ms}}$$\end{document}tϕ=130ms

Fig. 5. Comparison of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$TKE$$\end{document}TKE for Perimount, On-X, and TRIFLO valves at low \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$CO$$\end{document}CO (left), normal \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$CO$$\end{document}CO (center), and elevated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$CO$$\end{document}CO (right).

Fig. 6. Planar \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$TKE$$\end{document}TKE shown together with mean streamwise velocity fields. The mean streamwise velocity at peak systole (elevated \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$CO$$\end{document}CO, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${t_{{\phi }}} = 130{\text{ms}}$$\end{document}tϕ=130ms) is computed along the axis of symmetry on the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}…