Long-term AKK intervention and peripheral blood single-cell transcriptomic analysis

SAMP8 mice were used to establish a long-term aging intervention model to investigate the effects of Akkermansia muciniphila on immunosenescence-associated alterations in peripheral immune homeostasis. Oral administration of A. muciniphila was initiated when mice reached 4 months of age, representing an early stage of aging progression, and was continuously maintained for 2, 4, or 6 months via oral gavage, as described previously. To ensure age-matched comparisons across the aging trajectory, untreated control groups were established at corresponding time points, including 4-month-old (4M), 6-month-old (6M), 8-month-old (8M), and 10-month-old (10M) mice.