Evaluating cognitive change in a batterer intervention program: a prospective examination of criminal thinking

Objectives Examine whether participation in a cognitive-behavioral Batterer Intervention Program (BIP) is associated with reductions in criminal thinking among individuals convicted of intimate partner violence (IPV), and whether such reductions persist after program completion. Methods Using a prospective longitudinal design, we tracked changes in criminal thinking across repeated measurements spanning a two-year period among 624 court-mandated men and women from five Midwestern counties (1,717 total observations). Criminal thinking was assessed using a modified version of the Texas Christian University Criminal Thinking Scales (TCU-CTS). Growth curve modeling was used to estimate within-person change during and after program participation. Results Criminal thinking declined significantly during program participation but stabilized after program completion, with no evidence of reversal. Conclusions Cognitive change achieved during BIP participation may persist beyond program termination, underscoring the dynamic and modifiable nature of criminal thinking. Findings are based on a non-randomized, single-state sample, limiting causal inference and generalizability. Replication with randomized samples across diverse settings is needed to strengthen causal claims and inform policy on BIP effectiveness.