Pastures of power: A literature review on cattle ranching deforestation in the Amazon

Cattle ranching drives approximately 78% of Amazon deforestation, yet research often overlooks the differentiated actors and power relations underlying this process. Among 335 articles examining cattle ranching dynamics in the Amazon, this narrative literature review identified 36 studies that enable systematic analysis of the actors, interactions, and logics driving cattle-induced deforestation, in this case through a political ecology framework informed by the coloniality of power perspective. Four main actors occupy distinct positions in territorial appropriation: smallholders function as precarious frontier agents through forced migration and socioeconomic vulnerability; large landowners concentrate land via capital accumulation and institutional capture; investors treat Amazonian land as speculative assets; and armed actors provide coercive enforcement for illegal appropriation. These actors interact asymmetrically through exploitative partnerships, labor arrangements including modern slavery, and institutional capture, enabling wealth concentration. Two contradictory deforestation logics emerge: capital accumulation through cattle laundering, land speculation, and the purchase of improvements from displaced smallholders, versus livelihood reproduction, where structural exclusion forces continuous frontier expansion. The analysis reveals cattle-driven deforestation as a structured dispossession process reproducing colonial patterns, where large landowners deforest disproportionately despite dominant narratives blaming peasant poverty. Critical gaps perpetuate this misunderstanding: Brazilian geographic bias limits pan-Amazonian perspectives, inconsistent smallholder definitions enable elite policy capture, and aggregate studies obscure the agency and power asymmetries driving dispossession. Effective conservation thus requires dismantling structural configurations that enable asymmetric resource appropriation rather than technical interventions treating actors homogeneously.