High-Temperature Piezoelectric Gyroscopes for Harsh Industrial Environments: A Review of Materials, Structural Design, and Circuitry

Severe shocks and vibrations are common in industrial settings (such as oil drilling at 200–300 °C and heavy machinery); high-temperature piezoelectric gyroscopes’ solid-state architecture provides remarkable shock and vibration tolerance as well as great reliability. This review covers the most recent advances in the creation of high-temperature piezoelectric gyroscopes from three angles: materials, structural design, and circuit design. First, it emphasises how optimising microstructures can greatly improve the materials’ temperature stability (e.g., PZT with d33 = 562 pC/N and LiNbO3 with Curie temperature ~1210 °C) and piezoelectric coefficient; second, it examines the structural design of piezoelectric gyroscopes based on MEMS/NEMS technology (such as disc-type, ring-type, and beam-type), showing that optimising resonance frequency matching and modal isolation techniques greatly improves the gyroscope’s zero-bias stability (down to 5°/h) and immunity to interference; and third, it summarises the efficacy of optimisation techniques like temperature self-compensation circuit design and structural symmetry design. According to research, problems like high-temperature material ageing (e.g., degradation above 120 °C for silicon-based devices) and the difficulty of system integration continue to limit current technology; in the future, performance bottlenecks will need to be removed through advancements in cross-scale manufacturing technologies and intelligent sensor fusion design. From a multidisciplinary standpoint, this study offers theoretical references and technical recommendations for the industrial use of high-temperature piezoelectric gyroscopes.