Internal Family Systems (IFS) is a psychotherapeutic model that conceptualizes human experience as shaped by different internal "parts" that respond to stress, threat, and vulnerability in patterned ways. In the setting of serious illness, these parts may become increasingly polarized or extreme, contributing to rigidity, ambivalence, emotional narrowing, or disengagement. By integrating IFS principles with serious illness communication, palliative care clinicians can better understand these responses as protective rather than pathological. This article uses a clinical case to illustrate how an IFS-informed approach can help clinicians identify and work with protective and vulnerable parts, including Managers, Firefighters, and Exiles, while supporting access to the Self as a source of calm, curiosity, and clarity. Through techniques such as recognizing and exploring activated parts, relating to protective responses with greater compassion, and tracking multiple parts within a single encounter, clinicians may help reduce inner conflict, soften reactivity, and support more flexible, values-concordant coping in serious illness care.
Polisso et al. (Tue,) studied this question.