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July 10, 2026VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit OrganizationsOpen Access

The Geography of Third Sector Associations in Finland: Urban–Rural Differences?

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Authors

TMTeemu MakkonenLELuca EspositoSRSimo Rautiainen

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Overview

Quantitative analysis reveals urban-rural disparities in third sector associations in Finland, indicating local resource challenges.

Key Points

  • This research aims to investigate the geographic distribution of third sector associations in Finland and their role in local societal issues.
  • Used quantitative data to analyze third sector associations at the municipal level in Finland.
  • Employed statistical analyses to assess urban-rural differences.
  • Examined the impact of socio-economic factors on association distribution.
  • Rural regions host the highest number of third sector associations per capita.
  • Socio-economically disadvantaged areas demonstrate a higher concentration of these associations.
  • The abundance of rural associations raises concerns about their effectiveness due to local resource limitations.

Cite This Study

Makkonen et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a508d546eeac72a437a0f63https://doi.org/10.1017/s0957876526000641
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