Audit explores quantum behavior in transport systems, revealing contextuality's persistence in measurements.
Is a phenomenon that looks quantum actually quantum? This paper audits a series of quantum-circuit experiments built around "transport, membranes, storage, and feedback" — the kind of behavior you'd expect from something material — and asks, effect by effect, how much of it can be reproduced classically, and where, if anywhere, a genuinely quantum structure survives. The result was surprisingly clear. Downstream flow and membrane-like behavior could, in almost every case, be explained by classical reproduction or by explicit wiring of a measurement outcome into a switch. But one thing never went away: contextuality — the property that shows up specifically in the structure of the measurement itself, in what you measure together with what. We went further and measured Peres-Mermin and KCBS contextuality witnesses on real IBM quantum hardware. Both exceeded their noncontextual bounds. So the conclusion of this work is this: quantumness doesn't live in the matter-like flow. It survives at the boundary of the measurement context — in the question of what you measure, and how you measure it together with something else. What started as an exploration — trying to build something like informational matter inside a quantum circuit — ended up becoming a different kind of paper: an audit of which effects were real quantum structure, and which were artifacts we'd engineered in ourselves. This is a contextuality-and-audit paper, with full experimental logs, for anyone interested in the intersection of quantum computing and informational structure.
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Yusuke Maeda (2026) studied this question.
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