The ceRNA Mechanism in Fumonisin B ₁ -Enhanced Resistance to λ-cyhalothrin in Helicoverpa armigera

Fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) contamination in farmland exacerbates changes in the Helicoverpa armigera sensitivity to insecticides, yet the role of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in this process remains unclear. Here, we identified two lncRNAs (MSTRG.19849.1, MSTRG.19029.1) and one circRNA (circRNA122) that are upregulated in an FB 1 -tolerant strain and function as competitive endogenous RNAs targeting bmo-miR-970-3p. Cytoplasmic localization, pull-down, RIP, dual-luciferase, and FISH assays confirmed that these ncRNAs directly bind bmo-miR-970-3p, relieving its suppression of the detoxification gene HaCYP6AE19 . Silencing these ncRNAs significantly reduced HaCYP6AE19 expression and increased larval susceptibility to λ-cyhalothrin, with LC 50 values decreasing by 30–36%. These findings support a model in which FB 1 regulates λ-cyhalothrin susceptibility through a ceRNA mechanism involving these ncRNAs and provide potential molecular targets for RNA-based resistance management strategies.