Application of plant viruses in biotechnology with relation to artificial intelligence, machine learning, and nanotechnology

Plant viruses, once viewed as harmful agricultural pathogens, are now powerful tools in biotechnology. Their nanoscale structure, self-assembly, and biocompatibility enable applications in agriculture, medicine, and environmental sustainability. They serve in gene delivery, genome editing, diagnostics, and nanomaterials for vaccines and drug delivery. Integration with AI, ML, and bioinformatics enhances virus discovery and prediction. Despite challenges, plant viruses are emerging as versatile, sustainable resources for global biotechnological innovations.