Probabilistic Error-Corrected Controlled Dense Coding Under Bit-Flip Channels via Auxiliary Particles and Partially Entangled States

Quantum dense coding could be used to transmit two classical bits with one qubit when a maximally entangled state is shared. In realistic channels, entanglement degradation reduces the channel capacity, while bit-flip noise increases decoding errors. To address these issues, we propose a novel probabilistic controlled dense coding protocol that employs the three-qubit repetition code for error correction and an auxiliary qubit for probabilistic decoding. Moreover, this proposed scheme includes a third party to supervise the communication based on a three-qubit entanglement state. The implementation steps of our protocol are presented in detail, and numerical simulations show that it achieves higher average information than dense coding without error correction. The scheme provides a robust solution for quantum communication under noisy conditions and non-maximally entangled state.