Key result
Gender-affirming hormone therapy alters leukocyte activation and cytokine secretion, potentially impacting cardiovascular health.
Why the study?
Because sex hormone fluctuations greatly influence cardiovascular homeostasis, understanding how gender-affirming hormone therapy affects vascular function, the immune system, and cardiovascular performance in transgender individuals is needed.
How does gender-affirming hormone therapy impact vascular function and the immune system in transgender individuals?
How does gender-affirming hormone therapy impact vascular function and the immune system in transgender individuals?
This review highlights that gender-affirming hormone therapy modulates immune and vascular responses, underscoring the need for further research to optimize cardiovascular care for transgender individuals.
May warrant regimen-specific cardiovascular monitoring in transgender patients on hormone therapy; leaves open dedicated outcome and mechanistic studies.
Given that fluctuations in sex hormone levels greatly influence cardiovascular homeostasis, this review addresses how gender-affirming hormone therapy impacts vascular function and the immune system, and how these effects may contribute to altered cardiovascular performance in transgender individuals. Gender-affirming hormone therapy alters leukocyte activation and cytokine secretion, that may impact vascular responsiveness, with distinct effects in feminizing and masculinizing regimens. Moreover, gender-affirming hormone therapy-induced changes in the gut microbiome and body composition, together with factors such as sex chromosomes, and environmental stressors may further modulate inflammatory states with potential consequences for cardiovascular health. This review also discusses factors that limit current research, contributing to inconsistent findings and persistent gaps in understanding the cardiovascular and immunologic effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy, along with directions for future studies. Although available data remain limited, understanding these interconnections is essential for optimizing therapeutic strategies, improving cardiovascular health, and fostering more inclusive clinical practices for the transgender community.
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Santos et al. (2026) conducted a review in Cardiovascular health in transgender individuals. Gender-affirming hormone therapy was evaluated. Gender-affirming hormone therapy alters leukocyte activation and cytokine secretion, potentially impacting vascular responsiveness and cardiovascular health in transgender individuals.
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