Reciprocal Symbiosis Modes of Collaborative Work Safety Governance in Sustainable Industrial Parks

From the perspective of symbiosis theory, collaborative work safety governance in industrial parks can be understood as a dynamic multi-actor symbiotic system jointly composed of the park management committee, leading enterprises, and small and medium-sized enterprises. To examine how reciprocal symbiosis among multiple actors affects system-level safety performance and sustainable operation, this study develops a differential game model in which the work safety level of the industrial park evolves dynamically over time. The model comparatively analyzes the work safety efforts, discounted payoffs of symbiotic units, and the overall work safety level of the park under different decision-making mechanisms and reciprocal symbiosis modes. The results show that: (1) under the leading-enterprise-dominated mode, as the coefficient of work safety resource sharing increases, the overall work safety level of the park correspondingly improves; however, once this coefficient exceeds a certain threshold, it becomes unfavorable to the further growth of the leading enterprise’s own benefit; (2) under the park-management-committee-led mode, as the cost-sharing coefficient increases, the overall work safety level of the park continues to improve, but an excessively high cost-sharing coefficient weakens the incentive for the park management committee to increase its benefit; and (3) under certain conditions, the leading-enterprise-dominated mode, the park-management-committee-led mode, and the deep collaboration mode can all improve both the park’s work safety level and the discounted payoffs of symbiotic units, but the deep collaboration mode performs best in enhancing the overall work safety level and the total system payoff. Compared with the park-management-committee-led mode, the leading-enterprise-dominated mode is more sensitive in its impact on the total payoff of the industrial park. These findings indicate that sustainable work safety improvement in industrial parks cannot rely solely on increasing governance inputs or on the actions of a single actor. Instead, it requires a system-wide balance among safety performance, economic efficiency, resource-sharing sustainability, and the long-term stability of collaborative relationships. The study provides a system-oriented theoretical basis for optimizing reciprocal symbiosis mechanisms and promoting the sustainable development of industrial parks.