Non-Standardized Methods of Assessing Tibial Loads During Different Gait Speeds Obscures Load-Management Recommendations in Healthy Adults

This scoping review aimed to investigate (i) the methods used to measure tibial load during human gait, and (ii) the effect of gait mode and velocity on tibial load in healthy adults. This review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Two databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE) were searched, revealing twelve studies that met the inclusion criteria from the previous 24 years. Tibia load was measured using indirect (in vivo strain gauges) and direct (accelerometers, inertial measurement units [IMUs]) sensor methods, and three-dimensional motion analysis systems. A range of surfaces were used, including treadmill (motorized, curved non-motorized) and overground conditions. Velocity was a key determinant of tibia load, with surface type and gait modifications further influencing the loads. The non-standardized measurement methods resulted in varied tibial load results, particularly from varied anatomical positions used in indirect sensor methods. The findings suggest that, based on the current literature, prescribing load management recommendations for healthy adults is not currently possible, given the variability in results. Future research should aim to develop standardized measurement protocols to improve injury risk reduction strategies and to inform rehabilitation programs to support individuals in resuming participation in gait-related activities.