Mind-Altering Digital Technologies: A Scoping Review

In recent years, practices related to altered states of consciousness (ASC) (e.g., psychedelic experiences) have taken digital forms (e.g., biofeedback and virtual reality). While the amount of research at the intersection of ASC and digital technologies is growing, it remains fragmented across fields. To address this, we conducted a scoping review of 24 empirical or proof-of-concept studies, utilizing the concept of digitally induced altered states of consciousness (DIAL). We identified immersive virtual reality, biofeedback, and artificial intelligence as the most prominent technologies, with visual, auditory, and light stimulation as common stimulation modalities. Most studies relied on self-reports, focusing on psychophysiological effects of DIAL or individual differences impacting the experience, while only half of the studies reported effect sizes. As the first review to investigate literature through DIAL concept, this work provides a foundation for this emerging field, by critically examining existing literature, and outlining avenues for further research.