From co-presence to focused interaction in different urban space

This study examines how urban spatial contexts shape tourist – resident interactions in Rasht, Iran, focusing on co-presence, focused interaction, and interaction quality. Using a descriptive-analytical method and PLS-SEM analysis of 384 questionnaires across three areas – historical-central, newly developed, and peripheral – the results show that the historical-central district, with its cultural attractions and public spaces, yields the highest interaction quality, while peripheral neighbourhoods the lowest. Interaction quality mediates the transition from co-presence to focused interaction, though the direct effect of location is insignificant. These findings highlight the role of spatial characteristics such as cultural heritage and design in shaping social exchanges. The research extends Contact Theory by integrating spatial dimensions and offers insights for planners to enhance tourism through interaction-oriented design.