Social jetlag alters markers of exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations in the heart

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Study design and average onset of physical activity. Representation of the social jetlag schedule with four days of normal LD cycle, a four-hour phase delay to begin the weekend, and a four-hour phase advance to begin the week (A). Average onset of physical activity with baseline days 1–5, average Weekend (WE) days 1–3, and average Weekday (WD) days 1–4 (B). Daily running distance (km) for CON-EX and SJL-EX (C). Radar plot depicting average weekday/weekend activity (cage PIR sensor/wheel) (D). (*) p < 0.05 relative to baseline.

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  Fig. 2. Myocardial hypertrophy. Absolute and relative heart mass and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Raw heart mass (A), heart mass standardized to body weight (B), heart mass standardized to tibia length (C), phosphorylated mTOR (D), mTOR (E), and p-mTOR to mTOR (F). Values are displayed as means ± SEM. (*) p < 0.01, EX relative to SED; (#) p < 0.01 SJL-EX relative to CON-EX; (†) p < 0.05 SJL-EX relative to SJL-SED; (‡) p < 0.01 SJL relative to CON; (#) p < 0.05 SJL-EX relative to CON-EX.

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  Fig. 3. Clock gene expression in the heart. Gene expression standardized to β-Actin expression and quantified as fold change con CON-SED. Gene expression shown for Basic Helix-Loop-Helix ARNT Like 1 (Bmal1) (A), Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (Clock) (B), nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (Rev-erb-ɑ) (C), Period Circadian Regulator 1 (Per1) (D), Period Circadian Regulator 2 (Per2) (E), and cryptochrome circadian regulator 1 (Cry1) (F), and cryptochrome circadian regulator 2 (Cry2) (G).

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  Fig. 4. Oxidative phosphorylation complex and PGC-1α protein expression in the myocardium. Western blot quantification for OXPHOS CV alpha subunit (C-V) (A), CIV subunit I (C-IV) (B), CIII-Core protein 2 (C-III) (C), CII-30kDa (C-II) (D), CI subunit NDUFB8 (C-1) (E), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC-1α) (F). Representative images for OXPHOS (G) and PGC-1α (H). (*) p < 0.05 SJL relative to CON.

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  Fig. 5. Markers of mitochondrial fission and fusion in the myocardium. Representative Western blot images and quantification of mitofusion 1 (MFN1) (A), mitofusin 2 (MFN2), (B), optic atrophy gene 1 (OPA1) (C), mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS1) (D), phospho-dynamin-related protein 1 (p-DRP1) (E), dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) (F), and p-DRP1 to DRP1 ratio (pDRP1-DRP1) (G). (‡) p < 0.05, SJL relative to CON; (*) p < 0.05, CON-EX relative to CON-SED; (#) p < 0.05, CON-EX relative to SJL-EX.