Connection between attention, executive function, episodic memory, and adaptive functioning in young adults with Down syndrome

Objectives This study examined associations between attention, working memory, inhibition, episodic memory, and adaptive functioning in young adults with Down syndrome (DS).Methods Forty-seven adults with DS (19–30 years) completed measures of attention, working memory, inhibition, and episodic memory within two studies. Study partners completed the Vineland-3, an informant-report of adaptive functioning. Hierarchical regressions were used to examine associations between attention, working memory, inhibition, episodic memory, and Vineland-3 scores.Results Participants with DS with an IQ in the mildly and moderately below average range had comparable levels of daily living and socialization skills but differed in communication. All adaptive functioning scores were lower for those with an IQ in the severely below average range. Working memory and episodic memory were positively associated with all Vineland-3 scores except socialization. Inhibition was positively associated with communication and overall adaptive skills. Attention was positively associated with overall adaptive skills.Conclusions Attention, working memory, inhibition, and episodic memory are associated with the adaptive functioning of adults with DS. Important connections exist between memory and communication and daily living skills, as well as inhibition and communication skills. Future research should explore environmental adaptations for supports in these areas (e.g. assistive technology).