Climate-Smart Irrigation Planning for Pineapple Production in West Africa: Cost-Effective Adaptation Strategies for Smallholders in Coastal Togo

This study investigates climate-smart irrigation strategies for pineapple production in the southern coastal plain of Togo, focusing on cost-effective adaptation for smallholder farmers over a 10-year planning horizon. Using field measurements, CropWat calculations and local cost data, the study finds that only the perforated-tape system is economically profitable at a 10% discount rate, with a positive NPV and a 12% IRR. Drip and sprinkler systems, despite their water-saving potential, are currently unprofitable due to high investment costs and insufficient pump capacity. Policy recommendations emphasise financial support and a revised pricing strategy to ensure the profitability of climate-smart irrigation for smallholder pineapple farmers in West Africa.