QGDM: Six Cluster-Scale Strong Lenses Require One 10^20 Msun Black Hole, Not Dark Matter Subhalos

Dhairya Rathore

doi:10.5281/zenodo.21320504

July 12, 2026Open Access

QGDM: Six Cluster-Scale Strong Lenses Require One 10^20 Msun Black Hole, Not Dark Matter Subhalos

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Key Points

This research aims to compare the LambdaCDM model with the QGDM model using strong lensing data from clusters.
Analyzed 6 HST cluster strong lenses with 21 multiple images.
Utilized a single ultra-massive black hole (UMBH) model for data fitting.
Calculated total chi-square and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to evaluate model fit.
The UMBH model fits all data with chi2=1.03 and BIC=21.09.
The LambdaCDM model requires 33 parameters, with a disfavor of dBIC>180.
This analysis provides strong evidence against CDM substructure.

Implication

Tests models of black holes and dark matter substructure using strong lenses, suggesting new findings.

Abstract

We test LambdaCDM vs QGDM using 6 HST cluster strong lenses with 21 multiple images. A single UMBH model fits all data with total chi2=1.03, BIC=21.09. An equivalent CDM model requires 33 parameters and is disfavored by dBIC>180. This provides decisive evidence against CDM substructure. All data and Python code to reproduce results are included.

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Cite This Study

Dhairya Rathore (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a55d16e5aafca87247f8626 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21320504

View Full Paper

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QGDM: Six Cluster-Scale Strong Lenses Require One 10^20 Msun Black Hole, Not Dark Matter Subhalos

Key Points

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

QGDM: Six Cluster-Scale Strong Lenses Require One 10^20 Msun Black Hole, Not Dark Matter Subhalos

Key Points

Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

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