Impact of an AI algorithm for multi-day prediction of incident atrial fibrillation on clinical decision-making: PROVISION-AF study

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequently asymptomatic and often remains undetected until complications arise. Although artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled electrocardiography (ECG) can predict incident AF from sinus rhythm ECGs, its influence on physician risk assessment in simulated clinical settings remains uncertain. We developed a deep learning model to predict multi-day AF risk using non-AF 12-lead ECGs. For ECG-labeled outcomes, the model achieved an AUROC of 0.79 in the internal EUMC cohort and 0.74 in the external BIDMC cohort. For Holter-labeled outcomes, AUROC values reached 0.87 in the internal EUMC subset and 0.75 in the prospective PROVISION-AF cohort. To assess decision-support utility, a multinational survey of 70 physicians evaluated how AI-derived risk estimates influenced physician risk assessment and follow-up decisions in structured simulated cases. AI assistance significantly improved physicians’ AF risk discrimination (AUROC 0.573 to 0.650) and negative predictive value (0.764 to 0.839), with significant net reclassification improvement for non-AF cases (NRI 0.127, p < 0.001). Performance gains were most notable among non-electrophysiologist cardiologists. In conclusion, AI-derived risk estimates improved physician risk discrimination in a structured simulated survey, particularly in non-specialist settings, supporting their potential role as a digital decision-support tool. Further real-world implementation studies are needed to determine whether these effects translate into improved clinical outcomes or healthcare efficiency.