Salt-Mediated Electro-Deformation of AAV Capsids Revealed by Nanopipette-Based Single-Particle Analysis

ions that weaken interprotein cohesion within the viral shell. Integrating nanopipette sensing with a self-supervised machine learning framework enabled quantitative discrimination of full and defective capsids based on their electromechanical fingerprints. Together, these results elucidate how electrolyte composition governs nanoscale capsid mechanics and establish nanopipette-based single-particle analysis combined with data-driven classification as a powerful tool for rapid and quantitative assessment of AAV stability and vector quality in gene therapy manufacturing.