Mental health challenges in the legal profession: a comprehensive scoping review and future research directions

The legal profession faces significant mental health challenges, with evidence suggesting higher rates of psychological distress compared to the general population. However, existing research is fragmented. This scoping review applies the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model to examine risk factors for poor mental health, following the Arksey and O’Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Systematic searches of literature (1985–2025) across major academic and gray literature sources yielded 45 eligible studies. By analysing prevalence rates, physical health impacts, and organizational determinants, this review advances theoretical understanding and provides directions for future research and interventions. Three key organizational determinants of health were identified: individual-professional agency, socio-professional cultural demands, and institutional structure. Legal professionals demonstrate substantially higher rates of mental health problems, particularly stress, depression, anxiety, and substance misuse. Elevated stress and poor work-life balance are associated with physical health risks, including cardiovascular strain, metabolic disorders, and immune dysfunction. Technological advancement, emerged as both a potential solution and stressor. The findings highlight the need for systemic reform beyond individual-level interventions, which currently dominate the evidence base. Significant gaps remain, including evaluations of organizational-level interventions, with implications for improving intervention effectiveness and tailoring across legal specialties.