Palm oil-based diet impairs low-salinity tolerance in Scylla paramamosain: Metabolomic insights into osmoregulatory dysfunction, mitochondrial β-oxidation impairment and endoplasmic reticulum stress

-atpase, hspa5, pelle, and relish as potential hub nodes. These findings indicate that, under the tested low-salinity conditions, dietary palm oil was less effective than fish oil in supporting osmoregulatory and metabolic homeostasis in Scylla paramamosain, highlighting the need to consider dietary lipid source when formulating feeds for low-salinity mud crab aquaculture.