Electrospun Wood‐Derived Biopolymers as Electrodes in Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies

Biopolymers offer a sustainable route to high‐performance components for electrochemical energy‐storage systems. This review focuses on the use of wood‐derived biopolymers, cellulose and lignin, as source of renewable carbon precursors using electrospinning, a manufacturing technique able to process molecular systems into fibrous, binder‐free electrodes with adjustable diameter, alignment, and hierarchical porosity. Cellulose contributes mechanical robustness, wettable surfaces and scalable fibre formation while lignin offers high carbon yield, aromaticity and abundant redox‐active functionalities. Electrospinning enables co‐dispersion of dopants, catalysts and templates, decoupling electron pathways from ion transport while preserving free‐standing architectures. However, key challenges of electrospinning wood‐derived biopolymers include spinnability without petrochemical carriers, volumetric metrics under realistic loadings, lean‐electrolyte operation, and scale‐up via needleless or multi‐jet platforms with consistent fibre quality. Here we summarize reported work on the use of cellulose and lignin as carbon source for electrospun electrodes in batteries, and discuss practical design rules to maximize performance, including balancing micro‐ and mesoporosity, tuning defect density and graphitization, and the addition of suitable heteroatoms or nanoscale catalysts to boost performance. By consolidating advances across devices, this review establishes wood‐derived electrospun fibers as efficient, circular alternatives to fossil‐based carbons for next‐generation electrodes.