Surface polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in fire stations across vehicles and personal protective equipment

This study investigated surface polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in fire stations using 121 wipe samples collected from indoor spaces, vehicles, and personal protective equipment (PPE) surfaces in three fire stations in South Korea, and identified key exposure sources in vehicles and PPE. Fire station surfaces exhibited significantly higher PAH concentrations than commercial office controls, with median total PAH (Σ 17 PAHs) levels 69 times higher in fire vehicles ( p < 0.001), 26 times higher in vehicle bays and PPE cabinets (both p = 0.044), and 24 times higher in fire offices ( p = 0.003). Among vehicles, fire survey vehicles showed the highest surface Σ 17 PAHs contamination, particularly on floors, where concentrations were significantly higher than those on seats ( p = 0.021) and ceilings ( p = 0.012). PPE contamination was highest on the outer ankle areas of boots, followed by gloves and boot soles. Notably, the inner surfaces of turnout pants and face shields had PAH levels comparable to those on their respective outer surfaces ( p > 0.05), suggesting possible contaminant transfer, although inward contaminant infiltration could not be excluded. High-molecular-weight PAHs were more prevalent on vehicle floors and boot surfaces, indicating significant surface-associated exposure potential. These findings support the need for improved contamination control measures, including routine decontamination of vehicles and PPE, enhanced PPE design to minimize pollutant ingress, and targeted policy interventions to safeguard firefighter health.