Curcumin’s Protective Effects Against H2O2- and AAPH-Induced Oxidative Damage in Red Blood Cells: Mechanisms, Evidence Synthesis, and Perspectives on Translational Applications

Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most abundant cells in peripheral blood and perform critical functions including oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, acid base buffering, regulation of hemorheology, and modulation of immune signaling. Due to their high content of hemoglobin and labile iron, prolonged exposure to high oxygen tension, membrane enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the absence of both nucleus and mitochondria, mature RBCs have limited capacity for damage repair and protein re-synthesis, making them highly susceptible to attack by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) are the two most commonly used inducers in the in vitro models of RBC oxidative injury: H2O2 primarily generates hydroxyl radicals via hemoglobin/ferrous ion-dependent Fenton reactions, simulating acute oxidative stress. AAPH releases peroxyl radicals upon thermal decomposition, mimicking persistent lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. Curcumin, a representative polyphenolic compound derived from turmeric, exerts multiple effects including free radical scavenging, metal ion chelation, membrane stabilization, anti-inflammatory activity, and regulation of redox homeostasis. This review systematically summarizes the pathological basis of RBC oxidative damage and the protective effects of curcumin on membrane systems, antioxidant defenses, morphology, and function, based on the core evidence chain “H2O2/AAPH—RBCs—curcumin”, integrating recent experimental findings on H2O2, AAPH, blood storage-induced injury, and curcumin formulations. It emphasizes that mature RBCs lack nuclei and mitochondria, and therefore mechanisms such as Nrf2/ARE signaling, HO-1 induction, mitochondrial apoptosis, caspase cascades, and inflammasome activation should not be directly equated with transcriptional regulatory pathways within mature RBCs, but rather interpreted as indirect evidence originating from nucleated cells, erythroid progenitors, or the blood microenvironment. The article further proposes that future research should focus on standardized RBC models, physiologically relevant dosages, nanodelivery systems, and translational applications in blood storage, to facilitate the transition of curcumin’s in vitro antioxidant evidence into clinical transfusion medicine and precision nutritional interventions.