“No Woman Belongs to Politics”: Gender-Based Hate Speech Against Female Politicians in Czech Antiestablishment Groups on Facebook

This article introduces a mixed-method framework for analyzing online gender-based violence. It combines automated analysis with qualitative investigation of periods of intensified hostility, providing a deeper understanding of the triggers, dynamics, and broader context of hostile communication. The framework is demonstrated through an analysis of content published in 17 Czech Facebook antiestablishment groups, drawing on a dataset of 1.94 million comments and 154 thousand posts. The empirical findings provide further evidence that female politicians are disproportionately targeted by gender-based and violent attacks, which are more frequently perpetrated by male users. The findings also highlight the role of disinformation and media amplification in initiating these attacks.