Clinical Implications of Estimating Equations for Glomerular Filtration Rate

Editorials21 December 2004Clinical Implications of Estimating Equations for Glomerular Filtration RateLesley A. Stevens, MD and Andrew S. Levey, MDLesley A. Stevens, MDFrom Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111. and Andrew S. Levey, MDFrom Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111. Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps: //doi. org/10. 7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00013 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem, with increasing incidence and prevalence, poor outcomes, and high costs (1, 2). In the United States, the estimated prevalence of all stages of chronic kidney disease is 20 million (1), and the number of patients receiving dialysis should exceed 650 000 by 2010 (2). Long-term adverse outcomes associated with chronic kidney disease include kidney failure, complications of impaired kidney function, and, more commonly, an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and death (3). The clinical practice guidelines of the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Quality Outcome Initiative (NKF-K/DQOI) defined chronic kidney disease as. . . References1. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41: 1-12. PMID: 12500213 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. U. S. Renal Data System: 2003 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease; 2003. Google Scholar3. Collins AJ, Li S, Gilbertson DT, Liu J, Chen SC, Herzog CA. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in the Medicare population. Kidney Int. 2003;s87: 24-31. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39: S1-266. PMID: 11904577 MedlineGoogle Scholar5. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, et al. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139: 137-47. PMID: 12859163 LinkGoogle Scholar6. National Kidney Disease Education Program. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease. Accessed at www. nkdep. nih. gov on 1 October 2004. Google Scholar7. Siegel NJ. Renal Express. October 2003. Accessed at www. asn-online. org/newsletter/renalₑxpress/2003/03-10Rxpress. aspx on 9 November 2004. Google Scholar8. European Best Practice Guidelines for Haemodialysis (Part 1): Section I: Measurement of renal function, when to refer and when to start dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17 Suppl 7 S7-S15. Google Scholar9. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130: 461-70. PMID: 10075613 LinkGoogle Scholar10. Levey A, Greene T, Kusek J, Beck GJ; MDRD Study Group. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine Abstract. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11: 155A. Google Scholar11. Lewis J, Agodoa L, Cheek D, Greene T, Middleton J, O'Connor D, et al. Comparison of cross-sectional renal function measurements in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis and of primary formulas to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38: 744-53. PMID: 11576877 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. Gonwa TA, Jennings L, Mai ML, Stark PC, Levey AS, Klintmalm GB. Estimation of glomerular filtration rates before and after orthotopic liver transplantation: evaluation of current equations. Liver Transpl. 2004;10: 301-9. PMID: 14762871 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13. Poggio E, Wang X, Greene T, Van Lente F, Hall PM. Performance of the MDRD and Cockcroft-Gault Equations in the estimation of glomerular filtration rate in health and in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. In press. Google Scholar14. Rule AD, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, Slezak JM, Jacobsen SJ, Cosio FG. Using serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate: accuracy in good health and in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141: 929-37. LinkGoogle Scholar15. Coresh J, Astor BC, McQuillan G, Kusek J, Greene T, Van Lente F, et al. Calibration and random variation of the serum creatinine assay as critical elements of using equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39: 920-9. PMID: 11979335 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. Hallan S, Asberg A, Lindberg M, Johnsen H. Validation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula for estimating GFR with special emphasis on calibration of the serum creatinine assay. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44: 84-93. PMID: 15211442 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. Coresh J, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Estimating the prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate requires attention to the creatinine assay calibration Letter. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13: 2811-2; author reply 2812-6. PMID: 12397055 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18. Clase C, Garg A, Kiberd B. Reply from the authors: Estimating the prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate requires attention to the creatinine calibration assay Letter. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13: 2812-6. Google Scholar19. Lin J, Knight EL, Hogan ML, Singh AK. A comparison of prediction equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate in adults without kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14: 2573-80. PMID: 14514734 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20. Bostom AG, Kronenberg F, Ritz E. Predictive performance of renal function equations for patients with chronic kidney disease and normal serum creatinine levels. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13: 2140-4. PMID: 12138147 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar21. Ross JW, Miller WG, Myers GL, Praestgaard J. The accuracy of laboratory measurements in clinical chemistry: a study of 11 routine chemistry analytes in the College of American Pathologists Chemistry Survey with fresh frozen serum, definitive methods, and reference methods. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998;122: 587-608. PMID: 9674541 MedlineGoogle Scholar22. Avenant à la convention nationale des directeurs de laboratoire privé d'analyses médicales. La Caisse nationale d'assurance maladie des professions indépendantes. Accessed at www. admi. net/jo/20030227/SANS0320604X. html on 8 November 2004. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Josef Coresh, MD, PhD; Tom Greene, PhD; and Tom Hostetter, MD, for contributing greatly to the ideas described here. Grant Support: In part by grant R01 DK53869-05 from the National Institutes of Health (Dr. Levey). Disclosures: None disclosed. Corresponding Author: Lesley A. Stevens, MD, Division of Nephrology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Box #391, Boston, MA 02111; e-mail, email protectedorg. Current Author Addresses: Drs. Stevens and Levey: Division of Nephrology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Box #391, Boston, MA 02111. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoUsing Serum Creatinine To Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate: Accuracy in Good Health and in Chronic Kidney Disease Andrew D. Rule, Timothy S. Larson, Erik J. Bergstralh, Jeff M. Slezak, Steven J. Jacobsen, and Fernando G. 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