Key result
High dietary sodium is linked to elevated blood pressure and adverse target organ damage.
This review reinforces the biological plausibility and clinical evidence supporting population-wide dietary sodium reduction to improve cardiovascular health.
Sodium is essential for cellular homeostasis and physiological function. Excess dietary sodium has been linked to elevations in blood pressure (BP). Salt-sensitivity of BP varies widely, but certain subgroups tend to be more salt-sensitive. The mechanisms underlying sodium-induced increases in BP are not completely understood, but may involve alterations in renal function, fluid volume, fluid regulatory hormones, the vasculature, cardiac function, and the autonomic nervous system. Recent pre-clinical and clinical data support that even in the absence of an increase in BP, excess dietary sodium can adversely affect target organs, including the blood vessels, heart, kidneys, and brain. In this review, we address these issues and the epidemiological literature relating dietary sodium to BP and cardiovascular health outcomes, addressing recent controversies. We also provide information and strategies for reducing dietary sodium.
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Farquhar et al. (2015) conducted a review in Hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Dietary sodium was evaluated. Excess dietary sodium is associated with elevated blood pressure and adverse target organ effects, supporting recommendations for population-wide sodium reduction.
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