Key result
Adults with congenital heart disease recall less indifferent, overcontrolling, and abusive parenting versus healthy controls.
Why the study?
Perceived parental style in adults with congenital heart disease compared with healthy controls, as well as associated factors within ACHD, remained to be determined.
How does perceived parental style differ between adults with congenital heart disease and healthy controls?
Cross-Sectional (n=1,087)
How does perceived parental style differ between adults with congenital heart disease and healthy controls?
p-value: p=<0.001
Adults with congenital heart disease generally perceive their parents' parenting style as less negative than healthy controls, though specific subgroups like females, older patients, and those with cyanotic CHD or Ebstein anomaly are at higher risk for negative perceptions.
Objective: To compare perceived parental style in a large cohort of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) to healthy reference (RCs). Furthermore, factors associated with perceived parental style were determined in ACHD. Patients and Methods: From September 2016 to April 2019, 912 ACHD (34.9 ± 10.4 years, 45% female) and 175 RCs (35.8 ± 12.2 years, 53% female) completed the Measure of Parental Style (MOPS) questionnaire. Results: After adjusting for age and sex, ACHD recalled the parental style of both their parents to be significantly less indifferent (mother: ACHD: 1.2 ± 0.01 vs. RC: 1.3 ± 0.03, p < 0.001; father: ACHD: 1.3 ± 0.02 vs. RC: 1.7 ± 0.05, p < 0.001), overcontrolling (mother: ACHD: 1.6 ± 0.63 vs. RC: 1.9 ± 0.62, p < 0.001; father: ACHD: 1.4 ± 0.52 vs. RC: 1.5 ± 0.50, p < 0.001), and abusive (mother: ACHD: 1.2 ± 0.47 vs. RC: 1.4 ± 0.46, p < 0.001; father: ACHD: 1.3 ± 0.59 vs. RC: 1.5 ± 0.57, p < 0.001) than healthy controls did. In ACHD, female sex (β = 0.068, p = 0.017), higher age (β = 0.005, p = 0.003), Ebstein anomaly (β = 0.170, p = 0.005), and cyanotic CHD (β = 0.336, p = 0.004) contribute to perceiving the parental style of at least one of the parents negatively. Conclusions: While ACHD appear to recall the parental style to be less negative, subgroup analysis revealed specific patients at risk. These findings point to the need for interventions in specific subgroups susceptible to psychological distress.
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Brudy et al. (2024) conducted a cross-sectional in Congenital heart disease (n=1,087). Congenital heart disease vs. Healthy reference controls was evaluated on Perceived parental style (indifferent, overcontrolling, and abusive scores) (p=<0.001). Adults with congenital heart disease recalled the parental style of both parents to be significantly less indifferent, overcontrolling, and abusive compared to healthy controls (all p<0.001).
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