Short-Latency Changes in Closed-Eye EOG Following Medication Intake in ADHD

Background Optimising medication for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is often hindered by the lack of practical physiological indicators that can inform treatment effects. Electrooculography (EOG) has been suggested as a low-burden marker of neurophysiological processes relevant to ADHD, but its responsiveness to medication within routine clinical settings is not well established. Methods We analysed anonymised clinical records from adults with ADHD receiving stable, ongoing medication who underwent closed-eye EOG recordings immediately before and after taking their scheduled dose during standard consultations. Recordings were obtained using clinical EEG equipment. Heart rate and blood pressure, measured after each EOG session, were included as contextual indices of physiological state. Pre–post changes were assessed using paired t-tests and binomial tests, with Pearson correlations used to evaluate associations between EOG and cardiovascular measures. Results Both mean and peak EOG power showed consistent reductions following medication, with the majority of individuals exhibiting a decrease across measures. Cardiovascular parameters showed no systematic pre–post change, and differences in cardiovascular measures did not correlate with changes in EOG activity. Conclusions Closed-eye EOG showed systematic within-session modulation following medication intake in adults with ADHD on stable treatment. These findings provide preliminary support for EOG as a practical, non-invasive measure of short-latency medication-related neurophysiological effects, motivating further controlled studies to evaluate its potential relevance for treatment monitoring and titration.