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Demonstrates effective reduction of carbonyls in β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters, highlighting the role of azelaic acid.
The 1,2-reduction of β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters 1 with InCl is markedly promoted by azelaic acid, delivering β,γ-unsaturated α-hydroxy esters 2 in up to 84% yield. By employing azelaic acid, this system can reduce carbonyl groups and eliminate the requirement for stoichiometric indium-based reducing reagents.
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Qiu et al. (2026) studied this question.
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