Innovative Bitumen Modification Technology Using Industrial Waste Enamels in Asphalt Mixtures Production

This study presents, for the first time, an assessment of the dual role of waste enamels from heating device production in asphalt mixtures, as additives to modify euro bitumen (50/70) and as fillers, with a detailed analysis of their influence on properties of asphalt mixtures. Three types of enamels were investigated—premix (WEP), classic (WETM), and acid-resistant (WEART). Different characterization methods confirmed that these materials possess a borosilicate matrix enriched with various elements, including heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Although classified as hazardous by-products, enamels replaced 100% of conventional stone dust filler, with confirmed leaching test. Their role in bitumen modification was interpreted through a structure–property approach: bitumen (4–6 wt.%) acts as a viscoelastic polymer-like matrix, while enamel particles serve as micro-scale reinforcements that govern binder–filler interactions. The results demonstrate that, despite their hazardous nature, waste enamels are compatible with asphalt technology containing 5 wt.% bitumen, achieving satisfactory stability, acceptable deformation response, and favorable volumetric characteristics. By valorizing industrial waste in this novel way, this study opens a sustainable pathway for transforming hazardous materials into functional components for the asphalt industry.