A bstract We implement modular flavor symmetries within the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) framework, using the flavor group A₄^ (q) A 4 q × A₄^ (e) A 4 e with distinct moduli τ q and τ e, and assigning different modular weights to right-handed quarks using simplest weight assignment. By treating the moduli as non-dynamical spurions, adopting the MFV-like assumption, and neglecting effects associated with Im τ, we systematically construct a finite set of independent modular-invariant higher-dimensional operators via the Hilbert-series techniques. In the holomorphic A 4 scenario, where all modular forms derive from the weight-2 triplet Y₃^ (2) Y 3 2, we present two equivalent Hilbert-series bases. This establishes that higher-dimensional operators can be formally organized as {r^ ({kY) }, Yₑ^{}^{ ({kY^) }^ }, O}₁ Y r k Y Y r ′ k Y ′ ∗ O 1 singlets. We subsequently enumerate all independent operators up to dimension 7 under this assumption and provide explicit constructions for all dimension-5 operators as well as baryon- and lepton-number conserving dimension-6 operators. Relaxing holomorphicity to the non-holomorphic case of polyharmonic Maaß forms, considering that non-holomorphic modular forms are not closed under multiplication, adopting the holomorphic organizing idea would generically lead to an infinite proliferation of modular-invariant structures. To retain a finite and complete operator basis, we therefore impose the same minimal formal organizing principle, which reproduces the benchmark Weinberg operator and the corresponding dimension-6 operators.
Kang et al. (2026) studied this question.