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The metagovernance of tourism is changing as a result of major shifts in geopolitical thinking. Most pronounced of these is the reassertion of the nineteenth-century notion of spheres of influence which are at odds with the framework of an international rules-based order based on universal notions of rights, responsibilities and norms as well as respect for international bodies and conventions. The Putinisation of American foreign policy and America First strategies, and their influence on tourism arrivals in the United States, are used to illustrate some of the implications of such geopolitical thinking and how tourism is affected given its often weak influence on policy decision-making.
C. Michael Hall (Fri,) studied this question.
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