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Nano fluids are widely used today for various energy-related applications such as coolants, refrigerants, and fuel additives. New coolants and design modifications are being explored due to renewed interest in improving the working fluid properties of heat exchangers. Several studies have investigated nanofluids to enhance radiator and heat exchanger performance. A new class of coolants includes single, binary, and tertiary nanoparticle-based hybrid nano-coolants using ethylene glycol/deionized water combinations as base fluids infused with different nanoparticles. This review article focuses on the hydrothermal behavior of heat exchangers (radiators for engine applications) with mono/hybrid nanofluids. The first part of the review focuses on the preparation of hybrid nanofluids, highlighting the working fluid properties such as density, viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. The second part discusses innovative methodologies adopted for accomplishing higher heat transfer rates with relatively low-pressure drop and pump work. The third part discusses the applications of mono and hybrid nanofluids in engine radiators and fuel additives in diesel and biodiesel blends. The last part is devoted to a summary of the research and future directions using mono and hybrid nanofluids for various cooling applications.
Bhattad et al. (Fri,) studied this question.