Physician- and Large Language Model–Generated Hospital Discharge Summaries

Importance: High-quality discharge summaries are associated with improved patient outcomes, but contribute to clinical documentation burden. Large language models (LLMs) provide an opportunity to support physicians by drafting discharge summary narratives. Objective: To determine whether LLM-generated discharge summary narratives are of comparable quality and safety to those of physicians. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study conducted at the University of California, San Francisco included 100 randomly selected inpatient hospital medicine encounters of 3 to 6 days' duration between 2019 and 2022. The analysis took place in July 2024. Exposure: A blinded evaluation of physician- and LLM-generated narratives was performed in duplicate by 22 attending physician reviewers. Main Outcomes and Measures: Narratives were reviewed for overall quality, reviewer preference, comprehensiveness, concision, coherence, and 3 error types (inaccuracies, omissions, and hallucinations). Each error individually, and each narrative overall, were assigned potential harmfulness scores ranging from 0 to 7 on an adapted Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality scale. Results: Across 100 encounters, LLM- and physician-generated narratives were comparable in overall quality on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 (higher scores indicate higher quality; mean SD score, 3.67 0.49 vs 3.77 0.57; P = .21) and reviewer preference (χ2 = 5.2; P = .27). LLM-generated narratives were more concise (mean SD score, 4.01 0.37 vs 3.70 0.59; P < .001) and more coherent (mean SD score, 4.16 0.39 vs 4.01 0.53; P = .02) than their physician-generated counterparts, but less comprehensive (mean SD score, 3.72 0.58 vs 4.13 0.58; P < .001). LLM-generated narratives contained more unique errors (mean SD errors per summary, 2.91 2.54) than physician-generated narratives (mean SD errors per summary, 1.82 1.94). There was no significant difference in the potential for harm between LLM- and physician-generated narratives across individual errors (mean SD of 1.35 1.07 vs 1.34 1.05; P = .99), with 6 and 5 individual errors, respectively, with scores of 4 (potential for permanent harm) or greater. Both LLM- and physician-generated narratives had low overall potential for harm (scores <1 on a scale ranging from 0-7), with LLM-generated narratives scoring higher than physician narratives (mean SD score of 0.84 0.98 vs 0.36 0.70; P < .001) and only 1 LLM-generated narrative (compared with 0 physician-generated narratives) scoring 4 or greater. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study of 100 inpatient hospital medicine encounters, LLM-generated discharge summary narratives were of comparable quality, and were preferred equally, to those generated by physicians. LLM-generated narratives were more likely to contain errors but had low overall harmfulness scores. These results suggest that, in clinical practice, using such narratives after human review may provide a viable option for hospitalists.