A Bi-Convective Magnetized Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Along with Thermal Radiation in an Adverse Pressure Field Using Temperature-Sensitive Base Fluid (Water) Properties

This investigation considers the temperature-sensitive characteristics of water (base fluid) to scrutinize the flow mechanism, various essential gradients and energy distribution (by means of entropy production) in a magnetized hybrid nanofluid (Cu+Al 2 O 3 +H 2 O) flow with exponentially increasing pressure. For more mechanically realistic results, the analysis includes radiation and heat generation/absorption along with surface mass disposal. Thermophoretic diffusion and Brownian diffusion ( Nt , Nb ) are incorporated into this study as essential slip mechanisms. The governing physical principles in mathematical form are solved utilizing a robust numerical method with Varga’s block matrix method. The graphical demonstrations of numerical results show that velocity heightens with mixed convection ( λ ) and Reynolds number ( Re ) whereas temperature enhances for heat source ( Q > 0) and injection ( A < 0). Stuart Number ( St ) reduce the heat transfer performance while mixed convection ( λ ) enhances the frictional coefficient. This study further found that improving estimations of nanoparticles’ percentage ( Φ ), Re , Eckert number ( Ec ) and suction ( A > 0) significantly generating more entropy.