The reorientation process of the Indonesian energy sector towards international climate pledges: a policy trajectory analysis

To achieve Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), its government has operationalised the Paris Agreement’s ratification through several climate–energy policies. This article investigates the extent to which these policies have reoriented the energy sector towards achieving the NDC targets. Policy trajectory analysis was chosen to unravel the why, how, and what of relevant energy policy documents. The findings suggest that first, the Ministry of National Development Planning, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources are the central institutions in framing and implementing climate–energy policies. Second, variation in the temporal attribute between documents signals the presence of an intricate web of significant energy policies, which explains the difficulty in synchronising efforts towards meeting the NDC targets. Third, the energy policy trajectory still overlooks renewable energy, which may substantially compromise the nation’s efforts to fulfil its international climate commitments.