The progress and perspective of nanoparticle-enabled tumor metastasis treatment

As one of the most serious threats to human being, cancer is hard to be treated when metastasis happens. What's worse, there are few identified targets of metastasis for drug development. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to prevent metastasis or treat existed metastasis. This review focuses on the procedure of metastasis, and first summarizes the targeting delivery strategies, including primary tumor targeting drug delivery, tumor metastasis targeting drug delivery and hijacking circulation cells. Then, as a promising treatment, the application of immunotherapy in tumor metastasis treatment is introduced, and strategies that stimulating immune response are reviewed, including chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, ferroptosis, sonodynamic therapy, and nanovaccines. Finally, the challenges and perspective about nanoparticle-enabled tumor metastasis treatment are discussed.